Technical articles
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The world of landscape lighting is an ever-expanding universe and keeps getting more innovative. Across the world, there is an extensive adoption of solid state lighting. LED lighting offers so much more than just significantly reduced life-cycle cost from energy savings achieved through source efficacy improvements as well as efficient optical delivery, adaptive lighting, and optimized spectrum over the long operational life of the lighting systems. It provides a huge opportunity to improve the design, performance and value of landscape lighting systems.
While the physical nature and optical characteristics of LEDs enable unprecedented freedom in lighting form factors, the enhanced controllability of LEDs allows landscape lighting to embark on a new chapter in the conversation between art and technology. LED life and lumen maintenance are not affected by rapid switching or cycling. LEDs are technically dimmable and allow instantaneous, precise control over a wide range of intensity. On/off/dim capability is critical to the implementation of sophisticated adaptive lighting techniques. And a particularly important application of the exceptional dimmability is dynamic color tuning. By individual, accurate dimming control of the component LEDs in a color mixing system, a rejuvenating spectrum of breathtaking color or vibrant white light can be created to bring all the drama and excitement of stage lighting to landscape lighting.
Landscape lighting is poised for a dramatic transformation as LED technology unlocks a wave of advancements and the Internet of Things (IoT) is transforming the way people interact with their environment. The intersection of LED lighting and wireless networking started the digital lighting revolution and drives the trend of migrating lighting control to IP-based network infrastructure. Until recently, digital control of landscape lighting systems has been limited to where DMX wiring permits. Wireless networking via the radio frequency (RF) spectrum eliminates the fuss of electrical wiring and brings unprecedented freedom and flexibility to lighting control. It allows digital control of individual landscape lights. The result is a control zone that can be conceptually defined to include any number of fixtures without physical limitations of electrical circuit loading. The flexibility in control zoning enables sophisticated layering of light. A landscape lighting design can utilize software-addressed zones to create more refined lighting layers for generation of more complex scenes. It is also possible for the same light fixture to be assigned to multiple control zones, allowing it to implement different control strategies under different circumstances.
Wireless networking makes it possible to establish heterogeneous communication between the intelligent light fixtures and lighting controls. This outcomes in collaboration and information exchange between heterogeneous devices, which is crucial to enabling smart landscape lighting and unleashing the full potential of SSL technology. Wireless networks can bridge fixtures and controls to the Internet where information technology (IT) applications are implemented. Using the Internet protocol suite (TCP/IP) as a unifying protocol for all communications facilitates network interoperability between heterogeneous interface protocols for communication across cyber-physical systems. The convergence between IT and operational technologies (OT) that work in real-time on the connected lighting systems transforms the smart lights into IoT devices that can be operated through the IP (Internet Protocol) stack.
With access to the IT infrastructure, the resource-constrained yet intelligent IoT devices can take advantage of cloud-computing environment and cloud-based applications to perform beyond their native capacities and execute technologically advanced algorithms. Together, intelligent LED lighting and digital control systems work in the realm of IoT to effortlessly transform an environment through the influence of intricate light shows.
A smart landscape light is basically composed of two building blocks: the light engine and the ¡°brain¡± for data processing and communication. The light engine is usually an integrated assembly comprised of an LED module having an array of SMD LEDs mounted on a metal core printed circuit board (MCPCB). The LED board is then thermally interfaced with a heat sink which should be engineered to draw heat away from the LED junction as quickly and efficiently as possible to keep the LED operating temperature within the allowable limits. The LED module can also be an integrated array designed to be mounted directly to a heat sink without a separate circuit board.
Dynamic lighting systems may be designed as tunable white, RGB, RGBW or RGBA systems that can synthesize secondary colors by mixing light of different wavelengths produced from the LED primaries. Each LED primary is controlled as an individual channel. The LEDs is in most cases operated by a constant current LED driver. Where dimming will be required for dynamic lighting or as part of any control strategy, the LED driver has a pulse-width modulation (PWM) or constant current reduction (CCR) circuit that allows intensity control of the connected LEDs.
Dynamic lighting systems require accurate dimming of their component LEDs and generally use PWM dimming which supports 256 steps of color depth and can maintain a consistent color point over the full range. Most landscape lights these days are low-voltage systems. With the introduction of high efficiency LED lighting, operating landscape lights on solar power has been a growing trend.
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